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Extant Bronze /Iron / Viking / Medieval age Hats- Caps - Headbands

Extant Finds
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Extant Bronze /Iron / Viking / Medieval age Hats- Caps - Headbands

By Jennifer Baker
Hodegon - New Varangian Guard
Feb 2008

Bronze age

Bronze Age (c2300-700 BC)

 Total Number of Hats- Caps - Headbands - 25
Iron Age to Early Medieval

Iron Age (c700 BC-43 AD)
The Roman occupation (43 AD-c410)
The 'Dark Ages' and the Anglo-Saxons (c410-1066)
Early Anglo-Saxon (450-650)
Middle Anglo-Saxon (650-800)

 Total Number of Hats- Caps - Headbands - 14
Early Medieval 8 - 11th c

The 'Dark Ages' and the Anglo-Saxons (c410-1066)
Late Anglo-Saxon (800-1066)
The Vikings 8th, 9th and 10th cent.
Normans 1066 onwards
The medieval era/Middle Ages (1066-1485)

 Total Number of Hats- Caps - Headbands - 27
High Medieval 12 - 14th c.

The medieval era/Middle Ages (1066-1485)

 Total Number of Hats- Caps - Headbands - 22
Location Items Name / Cat No. Description Date
Bronze age
Sogaard Fen Jutland Sogaard Fen Man a cap  
Haradskjaer Fen Haradskjaer Fen Woman a net cap done with sprang, a netting technique. 5th century BC
Huldre Fen also called Huldremose Denmark Huldre Fen Woman #1 a woolen hairband.  
Denmark   a tablet-woven headband in dark brown/yellow/red,  
Duro-Europas (modern Syria)   Phrygian Cap around 250 A.D.
Trindhøj Denmark Broholm 996 Hat
primary material is wool
Description: cap #2, En Hue af toskaftet Uldto|j		 Danish bronze age - 1356 BCE
Trindhøj Denmark Broholm 996 Hat
primary material is wool
Description: tall cyllindrical hat		 Danish bronze age - 1356 BCE
Jels Sogn Denmark Broholm 1079 Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: round cap with nap		 Danish bronze age -
Borum Eshøj Denmark Broholm 789, older man #3 (grave A) Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: round cap		 Danish bronze age - 1345 BCE
Borum Eshøj Denmark Broholm 791, older woman #2 (grave C) Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: sprang hairnet
Woman's grave.		 Danish bronze age - 1345 BCE
Skrydstrup Denmark Broholm 1104 Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: sprang.
Woman's grave.		 Danish bronze age -
(site unknown) Denmark   Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: round cap, unclear which one		 Danish bronze age -
(site unknown) Denmark   Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: multiple items, unclear number and distinction		 Danish bronze age -
Arden Denmark   Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: sprang hairnet
Woman's grave
open work bonnet. It was woven in the 'sprung' or 'sprang' technique. Her body dates to the beginning of the early Iron Age or a bit later		 Danish bronze age - early Iron Age or a bit later
Bredmose in Store Arden, Denmark   Bonnet from Bredmose in Store Arden, Denmark. Celtic Iron Age. (Hald, p. 25). Celtic Iron Age
Daugbjerg Mose, Sollgaards Mose Denmark   Hat
The primary material is leather
Description: ?		 Danish bronze age -
Haraldskjaer Mose Denmark   Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: sprang hairnet
Woman's grave		 Danish bronze age -
Trindhøj Denmark Broholm 996 Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: cap #1, En flosklaedt, halvrunde Hue		 Danish bronze age - 1356 BCE
Lille Dragshøj, Højrup Sogn Denmark   Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: ?		 Danish bronze age - (c.1700 - 500 BC)
Goldhøj / Vester Vamdrup Sweden Broholm 993 Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: hat #1, Hue af toskaftet Uldto|j		 bronze age - late 2nd Millenium BCE
Goldhøj / Vester Vamdrup Sweden Broholm 993 Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: hat #2, Hue med Flosbeklaedning, omdannet til en Kyse		 bronze age - late 2nd Millenium BCE
Goldhøj / Vester Vamdrup Sweden Broholm 993 Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: unclear if this is hat #1 or #2 or another hat		 bronze age - late 2nd Millenium BCE
Emmer-Erfscheidenveen Low Countries Netherlands   Hat
The primary material is fur
Description: the hat is sheepskin (fur inside, tail still attached)		 second half of the Bronze Age, sometime between 1310 and 1050 B.C. (Drents Museum, Assen, NL)
Bredmosen, Storarden sogn, Denmark   Bonnet made in sprang-technique  
"Søgårds Mose", Daugbjerg sogn, Denmark   small cap for a man
a two piece skin hat		  
Iron Age to Early Medieval
Niya (excavation)
On the Silk Road		 LOAN:STEIN.678 Headwear hat
The primary material is Felted wool, stitched together
Description: Length 39.3 cm
Width 33.5 cm
This hat is made of felted yellow wool. The crown comprises five gored pieces of felt stitched to a brim made up of two panels.		 dates from the 2rd to the 3rd century AD. 100-200 AD.
Bernuthsfeld Germany   Hat
The primary material is leather
Description: leather hat 3 piece hat		 7th c. Late Iron Age (e.g. Roman Empire, Migration Era) (based on Farke 2001)
Damendorf Seemoor Germany   Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: sprang hairnet
Woman's grave		 2-5th centuries Late Iron Age (e.g. Roman Empire, Migration Era)
Hallstadt, Dürrnberg Austria   Hat
The primary material is leather
Description: hemispherical cap		 6-5th c. BCE Early Iron Age
Hallstadt, salt mines Austria   Hat
The primary material is fur
Description: beret-style
The rim of the beret is interweaved with a leather lace to change the size. This cap is known from figurative chasing on sheet bronzes made in "situla style". 7-6th century BC		 6-5th c. BCE Early Iron Age
Hallstadt, salt mines Austria   Hat
The primary material is fur
Description: conical
The cap is sewed accurately of tanned hide; the hairy side of the conical cap was worn inside. Its form reminds of the so-called "Phrygian cap".		 6-5th c. BCE Early Iron Age
Horchdorf Germany Horchdorf Find Birch bark hat
conical hat made of birch bark and decorated with incised patterns
Hat (made of bark from birch tree)
diameter 34,5 cm; height 11 cm		 ca. 570-580 B.C.
Tollund Denmark Tollund Man Hat
The primary material is leather
Description: pointed cap with chin-strap		 Late Iron Age (e.g. Roman Empire, Migration Era) Glob 1969 suggests ca. 0 CE
Tollund bog, Jutland, Denmark   Fur hat with leather ribbons and buttons, from Tollund bog, Jutland, Denmark. Celtic Iron Age. (Munksgård, p. 191). Celtic Iron Age
Hochdorf   birch hat
This hat comes from the Hochdorf burial and has a diameter of 34.5 cm and a height of 11 cm. The burial dates to 300 BC		 300 BC
Guldhoj burial   hat Iron Age (e.g. Roman Empire, Migration Era)
Oglakhty russia   Hat
Tashtyk Culture. Oglakhty Burial, Hermitage, St. Petersburg		 3rd - 4th century,
Moshchevaya Balka russia   Headdress
designed like helmet, covered with Sogdian Silk, culture of the Adygo-Alanian tribes. Moshchevaya Balka, Hermitage, St.Petersburg		 8th-9th century
Sutton Hoo England   otter-fur cap To no later then 650 c.e
Early Medieval 8 - 11th c.
Novgorod Russia   Hat made of roots in the manner of a rush hat and shaped like a straw boater  
Gugeri Latvia/Lithuania Grave no. 30 Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: hat, fragmentary, may not be suffient to use		 11th c. CE
Speyer Germany Henry IV (HRE) hat Hat
The primary material is silk
Description: cap of maintenance		 1104
Dublin Ireland E172:14370, DHC40 Cap
The primary material is silk
Description: Tabby z/z loose weave, dark reddish gray. Rectangular hood/cap, finished dimensions 160mm wide, 270mm high, upper back "point" stitched to follow head but not trimmed. Ties made from sewn fabric tubes. Patched. Woman's grave		 early-mid 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E172:10540, DHC32 Cap
The primary material is wool
Description: Tabby weave z/z, open weave, dark reddish brown. Rectangular hood/cap, finished dimensions 180mm wide, 230mm high, upper back "point" stitched to follow head but not trimmed
Woman's grave		 early-mid 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland   Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: netted hair-net
Woman's grave ?		 11-12th c.
Dublin Ireland E172:11205, DHC33 Cap
The primary material is wool
Description: Tabby weave z/z, open weave, very dark brown. Rectangular hood/cap, finished dimensions 170mm wide, 225mm high, upper back "point" stitched to follow head and slightly trimmed. Front edge has couched woolen cord.
Woman's grave		 early-mid 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E190:7431, DHC35 Cap
The primary material is wool
Description: Tabby weave z/z, open weave, very dark brown. Rectangular hood/cap, finished dimensions 160mm wide, 220mm high, upper back "point" stitched to follow head but not trimmed.
Woman's grave		 mid/late 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E172:10959, DHC37 Cap
The primary material is silk
Description: Tabby weave z/untwisted, light olive brown. Rectangular hood/cap, finished dimensions 170mm wide, 390mm high, upper back "point" stitched to follow head but not trimmed.
Woman's grave		 mid/late 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E172:13590, DHC39 Cap
The primary material is silk
Description: Tabby weave z/untwisted, dark yellowish brown. Rectangular hood/cap, finished dimensions 155mm wide, 240mm high, upper back "point" stitched to follow head but not trimmed.
Woman's grave		 mid 10th c. per Heckett 2003
York England 16-22 Coppergate, York, no. 1372 Cap
The primary material is silk
Description: cap/hood of "Viking" style, cf. Dublin material
Woman's grave		 10th century per Heckett 2003
York England 16-22 Coppergate No. 1332. Silk headdress Viking Era?
York England item #? Silk headdress, Viking Era?
York England 5-7 Coppergate No. 651. Silk headdress Viking Era?
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 798 headband  
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 944    
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 958 silver brocaded band
Birka grave 958- Arbmans "Birka - die Gräber", page 383		  
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 976 SIX PIECES SKULL CAP
wool, linen bands -		  
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 644 Rus hat with conical silver terminal mounts
Silk
a woven gold wire 'passement' band was apparently fastened from the brow to the peak (Hägg 1986).		  
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 581 Rus hat with conical silver terminal mounts
Silk
Traces of silk were found on the inside of the mounts. In one case, the hat was further decorated with four woven silver wire pendants		  
Birka Sweeden Grave Bj 832 Type B hat  
Moscevaja Balka Moscevaja Balka caps Cap - tapered sections that fit together into a round crown  
Saltergate, Lincoln England   Cap
The primary material is silk
Description: A rectangular textile with ties attached to the corners and possibly sewing in the style of the Dublin "hood-caps" (q.v.).		 Heckett 2003 discusses it in a generally 10-11th c. context
Dublin Ireland E172:15235, DHC25 Headband
The primary material is silk
Description: Tabby z/z open weave, dark reddish brown (madder detected). 100mm wide between selvedges, at least 580mm long ending in fringes (45mm).
Woman's grave		 mid 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E172:13714, DHC6 Scarf
The primary material is wool
Description: fringed head scarf, see other more complete examples for typical dimensions
Woman's grave		 mid 10th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E172:7672, DHC1 Scarf
The primary material is wool
Description: Tabby weave z/z, dark reddish brown. 180mm wide (between selvedges), partial length 480mm with fringes (35 mm) at one end, the other end is incomplete.
Woman's grave		 late 10th/early 11th c. per Heckett 2003
Dublin Ireland E172:14623, DHC7 Scarf
The primary material is silk
Description: Tabby weave z/z, open crepy weave, reddish brown (madder detected). 220mm wide (between selvedges), 610mm long with fringes (20-50mm) at both ends.
Woman's grave		 late 10th c. per Heckett 2003
High Medieval 12 - 14th c.
St. Peter Church, Salzburg   Mitre now in Abbeg Foundation (Riggisberg), initially St. Peter Church, Salzburg 12th century,
Eveche, Lausanne   Burial mitre of bishop Amadeus (1159), now in Musee Historique de LAncien Eveche, Lausanne 1159
(site unknown) France   Ecclesiastical hat
The primary material is silk
Description: made from various relic scraps		 13th c.
(site unknown) Poland   Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: coif, fragmentary		 14th c.
(site unknown) Poland   Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: coif, fragmentary		 14th c.
Herjolfsnes Greenland No. 83 Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: short round cap
  • simple deep "pillbox" shape
  • Cap Height: 10.5-12 cm (4-4.7") (with a "deep turning on the inner side without being hemmed")
  • Diameter at the Top: 17.5 cm (6.9")
  • Diameter at the Bottom: about 18 cm (7")
  • Threadcount is unknown, but it is described as a "fourshaft twilled frieze of dark brown color"
  • construction of the caps, the crowns are made of two pieces
  • the lower edged was turned under, and was not hemmed. Norlund speculates that there might have been a fur lining attached to this "turning in".
 14th c., 2nd half
Herjolfsnes Greenland No. 84 Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: not preserved
  • simple deep "pillbox" shape
  • Cap Height: 10 cm (3.9") (with a "deep turning on the inner side without being hemmed")
  • Diameter at the Top: 14.5 cm (7.5")
  • Diameter at the Bottom: Unknown.
  • Threadcount is unknown.
  • construction of the caps, the crowns are made of two pieces
  • the lower edged was turned under, and was not hemmed. Norlund speculates that there might have been a fur lining attached to this "turning in".
 14th c., 2nd half
Herjolfsnes Greenland No. 85 Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: child's round cap
  • simple deep "pillbox" shape
  • Cap Height: 10 cm (3.9")
  • Diameter at the Top: c.16 cm (6.3") (Oval)
  • Diameter at the Bottom: c.16 cm (6.3")
  • Threadcount is unknown, but it is described as a "fourshaft twilled frieze of dark brown color'
  • construction of the caps, the crowns are made of two pieces
  • the lower edged was turned under, and was not hemmed. Norlund speculates that there might have been a fur lining attached to this "turning in".
 14th c., 2nd half
Herjolfsnes Greenland No. 86 Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: boy's round cap
  • simple deep "pillbox" shape
  • Cap Height: 8-9.5 cm (3.4-3.7")
  • Diameter at the Top: 17-18 cm (6.7-7")
  • Diameter at the Bottom: about 18 cm (7")
  • Threadcount is unknown, but it is described as a "fourshaft twilled frieze, brownish, but the various pieces differ slightly in shade."
  • the crown is marked by the presence of a false seam
  • the lower edged was turned under, and was not hemmed. Norlund speculates that there might have been a fur lining attached to this "turning in".
 14th c., 2nd half
Herjolfsnes Greenland No. 87 Hat
The primary material is wool
Description: tall round cap
This conical hat is made of two bands of cloth sewn one on top of the other, and with a gore in back. It should be noted that as with the construction of the other Herjolfsnes caps, the crown is made of two separate pieces. There is a narrow hemming, deepest in front, but gradually narrowing towards the rear
  • Cap Height overall: 25-30 cm (9.8-11.8")
  • Bottom band width: 7 cm (2.76")
  • Upper band width: 14 cm (8.5")
  • Diameter at the Top: abt. 14 cm (5.5")
  • Diameter at the Bottom: about 18 cm (8.5")
  • Threadcount is unknown, but it is described as a "plain weaving, course and open, brown of color"
 14th c., 2nd half radiocarbon dated to about 1300 CE (calibrated C-14 1280-1380 CE)
Burgos Spain/Portugal Fernando the infante coif Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: coif
Coif of infante Fernando of Castile (1189-1211), silk with gold embroidery, Convent Las Huelgas near Burgos		 13th c.
Burgos Spain/Portugal Enrique coif Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: coif		 13th c.
Burgos Spain/Portugal Fernando de la Cerda hat Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: round hat w/beaded lions and castles		 13th c.
St. Vitus Cathedral, Praha Czech Republic Rudloph I of Hapsburg, King of Bohemia cap Cap
The primary material is silk
Description: A fitted hemispherical cap worn under the crown. Made in two halves, each pieced of smaller strips.		 buried with the wearer in 1307
Birgittine Convent of Maria Refugie, Uden, Holland Low Countries Birgitta (saint) of Sweden cap Cap
The primary material is linen
Description: A shaped rounded cap/coif, seamed down the midline. The bottom part of the front edge is gathered slightly and a tie is attached at this corner. The technical drawing suggests that the front edge and midline seam are both covered by decorative braid, although the tie appears to be plain cloth.
Woman's grave		 Heckett 2003 describes simply as 14th c.
Palermo, Sicily Italy Friedrich II (HRE) Hat
The primary material is ?
Description: cap-like crown with hanging side pendants		 13th c.?
London, England No. 333. Silk veil. Rolled hem with long diagonal hemstitching wrapped around the roll. Hem is less than 1mm deep with approx. 5-6 stitches per cm 14th century, Late
London, England No. 334. Silk veil. Rolled hem with long diagonal hemstitching wrapped around the roll. Hem is less than 1mm deep with approx. 5-6 stitches per cm 14th century, Late
Little Sampford Church, Essex, England Hat from Little Sampford Cache Hat
The hat is made from blue felted wool, without any seams. The brim is covered in cream colored tabby woven silk in four sections, and gold wire. Ivory colored tabby woven silk lines the the brim and the inside of the hat. The brim has a red satin woven silk binding along the edge, and a cream silk and silver gilt cord. More information can be found at www.concealedgarments.org.		 date from around 1350
Baynard's Castle, London, England   a fragment of a Wool Brimmed Cap circa the 2nd quarter of the 14th century
Haute-Savoie, France   Mitre
with the Coronation of the Virgin worked in gold and silk ground, mid 14th century, Sixt Parish Church, Haute-Savoie, France		 14th century
Clunny, Paris, France   Mitre
silk embroidery by gold thread, late 14th century, Museum Clunny, Paris		 14th century

Thank you to the following people - For helping to case down, the details on some of the Hats & caps
Cherilyn Fuhlbohm - Antioch New Varangian Guard
Andrea Willett - Dubh Linn New Varangian Guard
Sandy Sempel - Frojel Gotlantica Viking Re-enactment Society
Prof Lena Strid - Waterford & Oxford Archaeology

Web References :

Book Reference:
Thor Ewing 'Viking Clothing' Tempus Publishing 2006 ISBN 0 7524 3587 6
Margrethe Hald, "Olddanske tekstiler". Det kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftsselskab, Nordisk Forlag 1950.

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